Souht American Celebs essays

Souht American Celebs expositions South America. One basic word, and many thoughts, contemplations, pictures, individuals and spots swarm into your head. A mainland loaded with extraordinary and unusual traditions, however such a large number of similitudes to our own nation, the United States. One things without a doubt, they absolutely dont hold back on their superstars. Big names have a captivating history that extraordinarily impacts South American residents. The United States has a fundamental influence in their popularity, helping them to turn into the unprecedented individuals that they are today. Models, sports players, entertainers, actresss, and performers are a basic component of the stunning society of South America. About the entirety of the famous people of South America are found in, or begin from, the nation of Brazil. Brazil is South Americas driving nation when it comes to famous people. It contains more than 350 big names that are perceived worldwide for the things that they have accomplished during their life. Insights show that 37% of Brazils working residents work at employments in the expressive arts. Roughly 33% of those individuals are locally remembered, one seventh are broadly perceived, and more are gathering every year. In a meeting with a educational committee in Brazil, we were informed that more than  ¾ of the secondary school understudies are endeavoring to become craftsmen, entertainers/on-screen characters, models, or pro athletics players. Measurements for other South American nations state that less at that point 33% of the understudies state that they would pick these occupations. Measurements likewise show that 97% of Brazilians have gone to a soccer match, show, move execution, or presentation at any rate once in the course of their life. Much the same as South America, the United States rotates around current, and now and then previous, famous people. We appear to be so near our southern neighbors, we even offer a not many of our stars, however it appears we dont truly have ... <!

Human Resurces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Human Resurces - Essay Example As another understudy, I was constantly eager over such real factors however figured out how to permit myself an opportunity to adjust to my new condition. I saw that the laborers who had tutors got acclimated with standard schedules at an a lot quicker rate than the individuals who, such as myself, for some reason didn't. I saw that assistants with tutors were propelled by their mentors’ trust in their capacities and put forth more attempts to find out about their new associations than wrapped up of us. Their tutors additionally put time in training and empowering the understudies, in this manner moving their work aptitudes to the new specialists (Forster 2005). Clearly authoritative goals must be practiced through the aggregate contribution everything being equal, paying little heed to rank. Intelligent and Reflexive Practice In the vast majority of my positions, I was a piece of a group or gathering that was liable for achieving certain targets. I would possess an energy fo r individual reflection during which I considered my job in the gathering work and how to best achieve my duties. After this, I had the option to try the gleanings from individual reflection. I would then communicate my thoughts regarding my rising mindfulness about my job in bunch meetings. In every one of these group meetings, colleagues shared on how they accepted that their commitments would influence the acknowledgment of organization objectives regularly. Subsequent to offering to others about such encounters, the understudies would then come back to actualize the recommendations from the gathering meeting, and afterward mirror once more (Hofstede 2003). As assistants, we as a whole profited by the aggregate practices recommended just as the individual activities taken by us all. My own beliefs really affected how I deciphered corporate choices and arrangements. Now and again my own qualities were at chances with some authoritative sayings. At such time, I would effectively lo ok for the assessments of other who I knew had additionally encountered some proportion of contention during the joining procedure. From them, I discovered this is a flawlessly ordinary event which is looked by practically all understudies during their direction. These ‘older’ laborers likewise helped me to find manners by which I could make organization standards my own or change my own perspectives to suit them. Reflexivity is clear of the procedure whereby a person’s mindfulness is created to where reflection is quickly trailed by a reaction with no time in the center (Guest and Conway 2004). Reflexive workers will make be faced by issues and rapidly discover answers for them with consistency. At the point when such faculty go over strategies that they contradict, they have the indispensable mindfulness to perceive their difference and express it in an understandable way to all (Brooks 2003). This is a quality that I set aside some effort to create during my t emporary job. It just came after I had comprehended the essential elements of organization activities. Also, it was evident to me this was an imperative part for workers to have the option to relate well with associates just as achieve their undertakings (Debra and Quick 2006). Preparing was by all account not the only thing that brought about the reflexive attribute being seen in representatives; every individual worker needed to learn at their own pace. A few analysts have in the past guaranteed that preparation and improvement rehearses in associations should be joined as equivalent

Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity

Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity Addiction Alcohol Use Print Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 06, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 Peter Dazely/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Is drinking alcohol linked to obesity? The answer is it is possible, although research on the association has produced inconsistent results. It may be that its not how often you drink, but how much you drink when you do drink that affects weight gain. Some research suggests that its your pattern of drinking that affects your body mass index (BMI). Body mass index (BMI) is the relationship of someones weight to their height. It is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in meters squared. A BMI measurement of 18.5 to 25 indicates normal weight; 25 to 30 is overweight, and over 30 is considered obese. Pattern of Drinking Is a Factor A study of 37,000 drinkers who never smoked tobacco, found that BMI was linked to the number of drinks the subjects had on the days that they did drink. Because previous studies had linked smoking and drinking to weight gain, the NIAAA study looked at only those drinkers who had never smoked. In our study, men and women who drank the smallest quantity of alcoholâ€"one drink per drinking dayâ€"with the greatest frequencyâ€"three to seven days per weekâ€"had the lowest BMIs, said first author Rosalind A. Breslow, Ph.D., while those who infrequently consumed the greatest quantity had the highest BMIs. Contradictory and Inconsistent Results Previous studies have not definitively linked alcohol consumption with weight gain. A systematic review of the literature on the subject found that cohort studies with long periods of follow-up produced contradictory results. Findings from short-term experimental trials also failed to show a clear trend regarding drinking and obesity. Overall, the review found, that research has not established a clear link between alcohol consumption and weight gain. But, studies that did positively link alcohol consumption with weight gain mainly involved higher levels of drinking. Quantity and Frequency Are Factors Breslows study used a different method of assessing alcohol consumption compared to previous studies, she explained. Alcohol consumption consists of two components, explained Dr. Breslow, the amount consumed on drinking days (quantity), and how often drinking days occur (frequency). Previous studies generally examined drinking based only on average volume consumed over time. However, the average volume provides a limited description of alcohol consumption as it does not account for drinking patterns. For example, an average volume of 7 drinks per week could be achieved by consuming 1 drink each day or 7 drinks on a single day. Average volume may not fully explain important relations between quantity and frequency of drinking and health outcomes such as obesity. Heavy Drinking May Stimulate Eating Breslow and her colleagues concluded that there may be several reasons that her study found a link between both quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption to BMI. Alcohol is a significant source of calories, and drinking may stimulate eating, particularly in social settings, said Dr. Breslow. However, calories in liquids may fail to trigger the physiologic mechanism that produces the feeling of fullness. It is possible that, in the long-term, frequent drinkers may compensate for energy derived from alcohol by eating less, but even infrequent alcohol-related overeating could lead to weight gain over time. Type of Alcohol May Be a Factor Other studies have indicated that the type of alcohol consumed may be a factor in whether nor not drinkers experience weight gain. For example, light-to-moderate wine consumption has been found to protect against weight gain, while drinking spirits has been positively associated with weight gain. Additionally, common sense tells us that its called a beer belly for a reason. So, what is the bottom line? Does drinking alcohol cause weight gain or not? Does Drinking Cause Weight Gain? The answer could be yes if you: Drink heavily when you do drinkDrink beer and liquor, instead of wineIf you have a tendency for weight gain to begin with Scientists agree that more studies are needed to determine if drinking patterns increase the risks for weight gain if certain types of alcohol are more likely to cause weight gain and if the persons general tendency to gain weight regardless of their drinking is a factor when they do begin to drink.

Atomic Number 6 - Carbon or C

Carbon the element that is atomic number 6 on the periodic table. This nonmetal is the basis for life as we know it. Its familiar as a pure element, as diamond, graphite, and charcoal. Fast Facts: Atomic Number 6 Element Name: CarbonAtomic Number: 6Element Symbol: CAtomic Weight: 12.011Element Group: Group 14 (Carbon Family)Category: Nonmetal or MetalloidElectron Configuration: [He] 2s2  2p2Phase at STP: SolidOxidation States: Usually 4 or -4, but also 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3Discovery: Known to the Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)Recognized as an Element: Antoine Lavoisier (1789) Element atomic number 6 is carbon. Forms of pure carbon include diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon. Dave King / Getty Images Element Atomic Number 6 Facts Each atom of carbon has 6 protons and electrons. The element naturally exists as a mix of three isotopes. Most of this carbon has 6 neutrons (carbon-12), plus there are small amounts of carbon-13 and carbon-14. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable. Carbon-14 is used for radioisotope dating of organic material. A total of 15 isotopes of carbon are known.Pure carbon can take any of several different forms, called allotropes. These allotropes exhibit markedly different properties. For example, diamond is the hardest form of any element, while graphite is very soft, and graphene is stronger than steel. Diamond is transparent, while other forms of carbon are opaque gray or black. All of the allotropes of carbon are solids at room temperature and pressure. The discovery of the allotrope fullerene won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.The element name carbon comes from the Latin word carbo, which means coal. The element symbol for atomic number 6 is C. Carbon is among the elements known in pure form by ancient mankind. Primitive man used carbon in the forms of soot and charcoal. The Chinese knew of diamonds as early as 2500 BCE. Credit for the discovery of carbon as an element is given to Antoine Lavoisier. In 1772, he burned samples of diamond and charcoal and proved each released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram.Carbon has the highest melting point of the pure elements at  3500  °C (3773 K, 6332  °F).Carbon is the second most abundant element in humans, by mass (after oxygen). Approximately 20% of the mass of a living organism is atomic number 6.Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe. The element forms in stars via the triple-alpha process in which helium atoms fuse to form atomic number 4 (beryllium), which then fuses with atomic number 2 (helium) to form atomic number 6.Carbon on Earth is constantly recycled via the Carbon Cycle. All of the carbon in your body once existed as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.Pure carbon is cons idered non-toxic, although inhaling it can cause lung damage. Carbon particles in the lung may irritate and abrade lung tissue, potentially leading to lung disease. Because the carbon particles resist chemical attack, they tend to remain in the body (except the digestive system) indefinitely. Pure carbon, in the forms of charcoal or graphite, may be safely ingested. It has been used since prehistoric time for making tattoos. The tattoos of Otzi the Iceman, a 5300-year-old frozen corpse, were likely made using charcoal.Carbon is the basis for the organic chemistry. Living organisms contain four classes of organic molecules: nucleic acids, fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.The reason element atomic number 6 is so important for life is because of its electron configuration. It has four valence electrons, but the p-shell is most stable when it is full (octet) or empty, giving carbon a usual valence of 4 or -4. With four binding sites and a relatively small atomic size, carbon can form c hemical bonds with a wide variety of other atoms or functional groups. Its a natural pattern maker, able to form polymers and complex molecules.While pure carbon is non-toxic, some of its compounds are lethal poisons. These include ricin and tetrodotoxin.In 1961, the IUPAC adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for the atomic weight system. Sources Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

How Does The Control Of Production Mean For The Media...

How does â€Å"the space of possibilities† (Bourdieu 1983) both theoretically and physically, define the media, medium, and message that is produced within it? What does the act of production mean for the media produced? Media, through technology and its use by agents in social and material production, operates on a local and a global level through its production and dissemination. This creates spaces in which roles and agendas can be played out to the conclusion of an end product. This end product, however, is not only the produced media, but the anticipated reception of the consumer and the after-effects of the content specifically targeted by the producers or more generally as a consumable thing by a wider audience. Whether we talk about the local or the global, something that shouldn’t be discounted is the cultural accumulation and dispersion that takes place in both spaces in practice. Hannerz writes, â€Å"culture is learned and acquired in social life† (Hannerz 1998: 8), â€Å"it is somehow integrated† (ibid), and â€Å"these collectivities† (ibid), are â€Å"affected by interconnectedness in space† (ibid). The third point is the most important when we tal k about the global, as the global has become created and defined by the interconnectedness it inevitably generates. This essay will examine the ‘spaces’ within media production, which facilitate and constrain that production, especially â€Å"the space of possibilities† (Bourdieu 1983), or as Foucault named it the â€Å"field of strategicShow MoreRelatedLegal And Ethical Issues Of The Media1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is a large, diverse means of mass communication. Many legal and ethical concerns arise when representing specific cultural demographics and the complex nature in which they exist. 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Media Supporting Information Technology Free Essays

string(72) " capable of being networked with at least one usually being a computer\." ? ROLE OF MEDIA TO PROMOTE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLE OF MEDIA TO PROMOTE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED TO: Ms. Tazeen Erum, Faculty Business Communication Institute of Business Management SUBMITTED BY: Hozefa Rasool, (MBA-IM) Ather Khan, (MBA-IM) September 02, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction A. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Supporting Information Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction to Information Technology 1. Application of Information Technology. B. Historical Background. 1. Pre-Mechanical Age 2. Mechanical Age 3. Electro Mechanical Age. 4. Electronics Age. C. Introduction to Media 1. Forms Applications of Media II. Media Promoting Information Technology A. Broadcasting Revolution B. Printing as |Stronger Media C. Virtual University D. Efficient Media Reporting E. Electronic Newspaper III. Analysis of Infra-Structure IV. References September 02, 2007 Ms. Tazeen Erum, Faculty Business Communication Institute of Business Management Korangi Creek Karachi. Dear Ms. Erum: Here is the report on â€Å"Role of Media to Promote IT,† which you assigned us on August 5, 2007 at Iobm. I hope you find our effort according to your requirments and expectations. The contents of this report prove that Media has been major player in the promotion of IT. The report is based on our observations, technical know how and various sources which have been mentioned at the end of this report. Humanity has progressed from agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution and is now moving to an information revolution, where knowledge is the prime resource for production of goods and services. Just as machines have extended man’s mechanical power and his convenience and comfort. The invention of printing was the first big break-through in Information Technology. It enabled literacy and education to go up from 10% to over 80% within 50 years by making available vast amount of reading material. That reading also led to the Reformation in Europe. Other break-through for Information Technology were the inventions like telegraphy, telephony, wireless or radio, television, broadcasting, computers (from room size to desk top to lap top to palm top and very soon, wearable ones. ) Information Technology as commonly picturised by computers, is extending man’s mind or brain or intellectual power. Information Technology devices like microprocessors are becoming mass appliances from pace makers for the heart, hearing aids, and efficiency enhancers in automobile engines and devices to steer space vehicles on the moon. The computing power in the few micro processors that are now in a Ford Motor Car is much more than all the computing power that was put in the space vehicle that landed the first men on the moon and brought them back. I hope the report will be self explanatory, if not or you have any ambiguity, please contact us huzefanajeeb@gmail. om Sincerely Hozefa Rasool Ather Khan INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is â€Å"the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. † In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely. Recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communications Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include: Data management Computer networking Computer engineering Database systems design Software design Management information systems Systems management or System administration The use of information technology is penetrating a still wider part of human life, linking areas of human life and making different media and technologies converge and dissolve into new ones, broadening the scope of interest for ISD research accordingly. Various academic disciplines deal with issues related to the use and development of information technology: information systems research, human-computer interaction, computer supported collaborative work, theoretical computer science etc. As these disciplines are getting more and more intertwined and interdependent the need for an integrating conceptual basis is becoming urgent. The hypothesis behind the present collection of papers is that activity theory is such a suitable theoretical basis. Ultimately, information technology is about some familiar ideas: Improved access to information Increased staff productivity Lower operations costs APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Because new technologies such as personal computers are complex and an element of uncertainty exists in the minds of decision makers with respect to the successful adoption of them, people form attitudes and intentions toward trying to learn to use the new technology prior to initiating efforts directed at using. Attitudes towards usage and intentions to use may be ill-formed or lacking in conviction or else may occur only after preliminary strivings to learn to use the technology evolve. Thus, actual usage may not be a direct or immediate consequence of such attitudes and intentions. (Bagozzi et al. 1992) PC Revolution is now well into its third decade and the continuing improvements in the user friendliness of PCs and Macs, printers and scanners, and software and the Internet has been enormous. The major application areas of Information Technology are briefly described. Data Management Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The official definition provided by DAMA is that â€Å"Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise. † This definition is fairly broad and encompasses a number of professions which may not have direct technical contact with lower-level aspects of data management, such as relational database management. Computer Networking Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or devices. Communicating computer systems constitute a computer network and these networks generally involve at least two devices capable of being networked with at least one usually being a computer. You read "Media Supporting Information Technology" in category "Papers" The devices can be separated by a few meters (e. g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e. g. via the Internet). Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunication, and sometimes of computer science, information technology and computer engineering. Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines. Examples of networks are the Internet, or a small home local area network (LAN) with two computers connected with standard networking cables connecting to a network interface card in each computer. Data Base Management System The Data Base Management System accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization’s information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators. Computer Software Computer Software of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically designed for. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems. Management Information System Management Information Systems (MIS) is a general name for the academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures. Collectively called information systems, to solve business problems. MIS are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e. g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems. Computer Simmulation A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modelling of many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, human systems in economics, psychology, and social science and in the process of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems which enables the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulations build on, and are a useful adjunct to purely mathematical models in science, technology and entertainment. HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY History of Information Technology is Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the input, processing, output and communication problems of the time: 1. Pre-mechanical 2. Mechanical 3. Electromechanical and 4. Electronic THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B. C. – 1450 A. D. A. Writing and Alphabets–communication. 1. First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings. 2. 3000 B. C. the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised uniform 3. Around 2000 B. C. , Phoenicians created symbols 4. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. B. Paper and Pens–input technologies. 1. Sumerians’ input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. 2. About 2600 B. C. , the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant 3. Around 100 A. D. , the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based. C. Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices. . Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest â€Å"books† 2. The Egyptians kept scrolls 3. Around 600 B. C. , the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. D. The First Numbering Systems. 1. Egyptian system: The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. 2. The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A. D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. 3. Around 875 A. D. the concept of zero was developed. THE MECHANICAL AGE: 1450 – 1840 A. The First Information Explosion. 1. Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany), invented the movable metal-type printing process in 14 50. 2. The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers. B. The first general purpose â€Å"computers† 1. Actually people who held the job title â€Å"computer: one who works with numbers. † A. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz’s Machine. 1. Slide Rule. Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule Early example of an analog computer. . The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62). The Electromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940 The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses. A. The Beginnings of Telecommunication. 1. Voltaic Battery: late 18th century. 2. Telegraph: Early 1800s. 3. Telephone and Radio: Alexander Graham Bell. 1876 4. Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. 5. These two events led to the invention of the radio: Guglielmo Marconi. 1894 B. Electromechanical Computing 1. Herman Hollerith and IBM. 2. The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). 3. Paper tape stored data and program instructions. THE ELECTRONIC AGE: 1940 – PRESENT. A. First Tries: Early 1940’s, Electronic vacuum tubes. B. Eckert and Mauchly. 1. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr. ; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon. 2. The First Stored-Program Computer: The Manchester University Mark I (prototype). 3. The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer. B. The Four Generations of Digital Computing. I. The Second Generation (1959-1963). 1. Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element. AT’s Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor 2. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices. 3. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology. II. The Third Generation (1964-1979): Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed. III. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present). INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA †Materials that holds and transmit data in any form including Newspapers, Multimedia Presentations, Disk Drives, Optical disks, Magnetic Tape, Cable and many more. In other definition Media is defined as, â€Å"Messages that are distributed through the technologies, principally text in books, study guides and computer networks; sound in audio-tapes and broadcast: pictures in video-tapes and broadcast; text, sound and/or pictures in a teleconference are termed under Media. † There are three main types of media: Print Electronic Published FORMS APPLICATIONS OF MEDIA Journalism Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists. News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the â€Å"first rough draft of history† (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization’s standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable. Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video signals to a number of recipients (â€Å"listeners† or â€Å"viewers†) that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in; for example, a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc SoundBits to a small population within its range. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. Internet The Internet (also known simply as â€Å"the Net† or â€Å"the Web†) can be briefly understood as â€Å"a network of networks†. Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. Advertising Advertising is paid, one-way communication through a medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. Variations include publicity, public relations, product placement, sponsorship, underwriting, and sales promotion. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, the Internet and billboards. Advertisements can also be seen on the seats of grocery carts, on the walls of an airport walkway, on the sides of buses, heard in telephone hold messages and in-store public address systems. Advertisements are usually placed anywhere an audience can easily and/or frequently access visuals and/or audio. MEDIA PROMOTING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Just as chemical or metallurgical or electrical technologies enable the processing of raw materials into usable goods, to satisfy man’s and societies’ needs so does information technology help the storage, processing, transmission and exploitation of information to satisfy a person’s, company’s, society’s or government’s needs for information. The invention of printing was the first big break-through in Information Technology. It enabled literacy and education to go up from 10% to over 80% within 50 years by making available vast amount of reading material. That reading also led to the Reformation in Europe. Other break-through for Information Technology were the inventions like telegraphy, telephony, wireless or radio, television, broadcasting, computers (from room size to desk top to lap top to palm top) BROADCASTING REVOLUTION Digital audio and digital video have revolutionized broadcast engineering in many respects. Broadcast studios and control rooms are now already digital in large part, using non-linear editing and digital signal processing for what used to take a great deal of time or money, if it was even possible at all. Mixing consoles for both audio and video are continuing to become more digital in the 21st Century, as is the computer storage used to keep digital media libraries. Effects processing and TV graphics can now be done much more easily and professionally as well. Other devices used in broadcast engineering are telephone hybrids, broadcast delays, and dead air alarms. See the glossary of broadcast engineering terms for further explanations. PRINTING AS STRONGER MEDIA Within fifty or sixty years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe. Now that more people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Furthermore, now that book production was a more commercial enterprise, the first copyright laws were passed to protect what we now would call intellectual property rights. A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. Paradoxically, the printing word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect ‘decreasing’ their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe. VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY The Virtual University is based completely on modern Information and Communication Technologies. It provides extremely affordable world class education to aspiring students all over the country. Using free-to-air satellite television broadcasts and the Internet, the Virtual University allows students to follow its rigorous programs regardless of their physical locations. It thus aims at alleviating the lack of capacity in the existing universities while simultaneously tackling the acute shortage of qualified professors in the country. By identifying the  top Professors of the country, regardless of their institutional affiliations, and requesting them to develop and deliver hand-crafted courses, the Virtual University aims at providing the very best courses to not only its own students but also to students of all universities worldwide. EFFICIENT MEDIA REPORTING As newspapers, magazines, trade publications and newsletters creep on to the Web; this swells the demand for reporters, who can keystroke simple sentences and strings of numbers. New media positions do not increase the job market for journalists. For this purpose, reporting is defined as nuts-and-bolts, no-nonsense information-gathering and packaging. Reporting wants just the facts. Journalism entails investigation, explanation and a point of view. Journalists are story-tellers, fascinated with the human experience, alert to the drama of conflict and struggle, infinitely curious about the motives and meanings behind events. Reporters use nouns and verbs as blunt utilitarian instruments. Journalists indulge in figures of speech; they use words as symbols, to evoke empathy, indignation, pity or anger. Most of what appears in Star or the National Enquirer is journalism, albeit of a very ripe kind. Most of Investor’s Business Daily is reporting. ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER In the late 1990’s newspapers began offering their content on the Internet in record numbers. By the end of the decade, more than 1,000 North American newspapers offered online versions, most available to Internet users free of charge. Electronic newspapers spared publishers one of their highest expenses—newsprint—and many brought publishers additional advertising revenue. Today Newspapers on the web offers readers the same content as its print publication as well as stories and features available only in its online version. ANALYSIS OF INFRA-STRUCTURE The government firmly believes in bringing the Pakistani media at par with the international standards and a total of 52 media development projects are being launched in the year 2007-08 with record allocation of six billion rupees, according to Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting Muhammad Ali Durrani. Rs. 148. 039 million has been earmarked for the media development projects in NWFP, which demonstrates the government’s firm resolves to take all the federating units along in the development process. The Laram Top RBS has been established at the cost of Rs. 27. 97 million and is designed to serve around 450,000 people, while the RBS at Bajaur Agency, established with the total cost of 34. 733 million, is expected to cover 75,000 households, he said. The projects will not only carry the benefits of the modern age to distant regions of the country but will also bring affordable entertainment at the doorsteps for the common public. Islamabad Media University will be launched in the federal capital within next two months at a cost of Rs. 500 million, followed by setting up of its provincial campuses, including the Peshawar campus, in the second phase. Media University will not only offer specialized courses in media and journalism but will also initiate various research projects on media related issues. Rs. 35. 55 million will be spent to ensure full FM Radio coverage on Motorways sections M-1 which links Peshawar with Islamabad, and M-2, connecting Islamabad to Lahore. FM facility on the motorways will not only make the 500 KM-long journey from Peshawar to Lahore informative and pleasant but will also provide better opportunities to the media sector to expand itself in those gaps which are desperately needed to be filled in. Beside s this, up-linking stations will also be established in Islamabad as well as in all the provincial capitals, including Peshawar, which will cost around 49. 81 million rupees. These up-linking facilities would provide efficient and high quality information flow between the network and the subscriber. Snap-shot of Current Pakistan IT and Communication are stated below: TV sets70 million Cable Connections 35 million Daily/Periodical Papers 1500 Telephone Connections 65 million Mobile Connections 95 million Internet Connections 1 million References Internews Asia Pacific; www. internews. org/regions/asia/default. shtm The Media Handbook; by Hellen E Katz, 2003 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority; www. pemra. gov. pk Pakistan Telecommunication Authority; www. pta. gov. pk Statistics Bureau of Pakistan; www. statpak. gov. pk Media Technology and everyday life in Europe; Roger Silverstone, 2005. World Bank; www. worldbank. org Wikipedia Encyclopedia; www. wikipedia. com University of Alabama, Dept. of Telecom and Film; http://www. tcf. ua. edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline. htm. University of Arhus, Dept. of Computer Science; denmarkhttp://www. cs. aau. dk/SJIS/journal/volumes/volume12/articles/01-intro_p3-14. pdf. How to cite Media Supporting Information Technology, Papers

Manhattan Project Essays (1818 words) - , Term Papers

Manhattan Project Manhattan Project In the early morning hours of July 16, 1945, the first ever nuclear explosion took place in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The explosion was the first test of the most destructive weapon ever known to man, and was the result of almost six years of research and development by some of the world's top scientists. This endeavor was known as the Manhattan Project. Less than a month after the test, which was known as Trinity, the United States dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan, three days apart, which forced the Japanese to surrender. The story of the Manhattan Project is an abysmal subject, as is the effect of the Manhattan Project on international politics, and both will be covered in this paper. Indeed, the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb were good things, because it actually decreased the likelihood of nuclear war in the post- World War II era. The Manhattan Project was preceded by a variety of scientific discoveries in the 1920's and the 1930's. During this time of scientific discovery, Hitler had been steadily rising to power in Germany, and before long, physicist Leo Szilard and fellow Hungarian Jews Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller became worried. They decided that the President of the United States must be informed about the new fission technology that had been discovered, which they believed was capable of making bombs. The three physicists enlisted the help of Albert Einstein, the foremost scientist in that period, and together they drafted a letter addressed to President Roosevelt describing their beliefs that nuclear fission "Would...lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable...that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed." At first, not much money or interest was spent on the atomic bomb program. However, the combination of France's fall to Germany in 1940, the belief that Germany was ahead in the race for the atomic bomb, and the bombing of Pearl Harbor soon convinced Roosevelt that something more had to be done on this atomic research. Roosevelt quickly assigned his top security advisors to form committees on this project, and to determine what should be done and how. By the end of 1942, bomb research had become bomb production, and the Manhattan Project was now run by the military, with Colonel (soon to be General) Leslie R. Groves as the officer in charge. Bomb production was carried out in three locations; Oak Ridge, Tennessee handled the production of the bomb fuel U-235, Hanford , Washington handled the production of plutonium fuel, and Los Alamos, New Mexico handled bomb production and assembly. These three locations became huge cities due to the size of and manpower required for this project. "About half of [the American Physical Society's 4000 members] joined the Manhattan Project, which at its height employed roughly 10,000 scientists with advanced degrees." Eventually, fuel production began meeting the needs of Los Alamos, and by 1945, the bombs themselves were in production. On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died, and Harry Truman took over. Secretary of War Henry Stimson took the primary role of filling in President Truman on the details of the Manhattan Project, which Truman had known nothing about. In July of 1945, President Truman met with Winston Churchill of Britain and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union at the Potsdam conference, at which time the "Big Three" drafted the Potsdam Declaration, which offered the Japanese the opportunity to unconditionally surrender, or "Risk the alternative of 'prompt and utter destruction.'" Japan declined the Potsdam Declaration, and President Truman was left to consider his options. President Truman made the decision to use this nuclear capability, and on August 6, 1945, Lt. Col. Paul W. Tibbets flew the B-29 bomber Enola Gay over Hiroshima, Japan and dropped the first atomic bomb, named "Little Boy." Due to the lack of Japanese surrender, three days later Maj. Charles W. Sweeney flew Bock's Car toward Kokura, Japan, but was detoured by bad weather. Sweeney then flew over the alternate target of Nagasaki and dropped the second atomic bomb, "Fat Man." A few days after the second bombing, Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered. World War II was over. The effects of the Manhattan project were enormous on all levels- individual, domestic, and international. On the individual level, the lives of the thousands of people involved in the Manhattan Project were forever changed. Robert Oppenheimer, the civilian director of the Manhattan Project and the one whom many credit with the Manhattan Project's success, was stripped of his security clearance during the McCarthy era because of suspected communist